With America's
economy sinking rapidly into recession, with much of America's financial system
teetering on the brink, and with a presidential election just three months from
today, our leaders in Washington are under siege.
What are they
saying behind closed doors? What worst-case scenarios are they contemplating?
What contingency measures are they debating?
I have no
pretense of being privy to the answers. Nor can anyone forecast what they will
do in the press of events. But we do have abundant research and data to serve as
a basis for guessing. Add a healthy dose of imagination, and I can begin to
draft a script, below.
Just bear in
mind that what follows is fiction — a scenario that I trust will give you
greater insight into the dire reality of our times, along with a better
understanding of what's likely to come.
The
Last Government Rescue
(Draft Script for a Fictional
Scene)
A regularly
scheduled meeting between Treasury Secretary Paulson and Fed Chairman Bernanke
is hastily expanded to include the CEOs of Fannie Mae and General Motors, plus
former Fed Chairmen Alan Greenspan and Paul Volcker.
The Treasury
Secretary seeks unanimous vows of confidentiality and opens the discussion with
an air of confidence. His immediate agenda: To get everyone on the same page to
make consistent public pronouncements in support of the government's rescue
efforts for the economy.
Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson: Gentlemen, I
know we have problems, and that's why we're here today. But let's begin by
counting our blessings: The stimulus plan has supported the economy during this
difficult period, and it couldn't have been timelier. American families spent,
American companies invested, and the country as a whole benefited from strong
export growth.
Yes, I know the 1.9%
growth in GDP in the second quarter disappointed some people. But a lot of that
was due to a decline in inventories, which is healthy. The economy is not
contracting; it's growing. Employment is still historically very high. Inflation
is still historically low.
Moreover, this is the
message I would hope to see everyone put out. In normal times, I wouldn't
presume to tell you what to say or how to say it. But in this unsettling climate
— in this atmosphere of frazzled nerves on Wall Street — the last thing we need
is dissenting voices from the administration, from former government officials
or even from industry. To restore confidence — to prevent panic — we must
present a united front, a single voice that resonates with the public, that's
credible, that can inspire, that can motivate investors to invest and banks to
lend.
Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke: I agree. We have to
tell the truth. But there should be no rush to tell the whole truth.
Always count your blessings, and do so publicly.
Former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan: Blessings?
This is a disaster and it's getting worse. The United States is living through a
once-in-a-century crisis tied to the plunge in home prices, and those prices are
nowhere near a bottom.
Paulson: I know housing continues to be at the
heart of our economic challenges and remains our most significant downside risk.
I know home prices are likely to decline further on a national basis. I know
foreclosures are going to be increasing. And I didn't say we should deny these
realities in public. I myself have recently admitted to all of them — in
speeches, in front of dozens of TV cameras.
Bernanke: My sense is that if we don't acknowledge
at least some of the most obvious issues, we look foolish.
Paulson: Agreed. But you and I also agree that we
don't have to be so blunt as to cause panic in the markets. Look. I'm not asking
anyone here today to ignore the issues. What I'm asking is that we do everything
we can to stress the positive. Focus on the big steps we've taken —
like the stimulus package and the housing legislation. Talk about the brevity of
the current correction and the longevity of the coming recovery.
Give people hope, damn it!
Don't run around talking about the housing market as a bottomless pit ... or
about the huge risks the Fed is taking by inserting itself into broker balance
sheets ... or about Fannie Mae being insolvent.
Greenspan: The last of those three statements was
not mine. But it's true. Fannie Mae is insolvent. And what
you're advocating — that we sugarcoat the realities even more than we normally
do — is a huge mistake in its own right. The sooner people face the music, the
sooner they'll deal with it and the quicker we'll get this thing behind us. The
longer we cover it up and pussyfoot around, the worse it's going to be in the
long run.
I said it once,
and I'll say it again: Gentlemen, face it. This is a disaster and it's getting
worse. Home prices, which we said would stabilize, are doing nothing of the
kind. Detroit, which we said would be turning the corner, is falling off a
cliff. The credit crunch, which we said was ending, looks like it's just
beginning a new, broader phase. Inflation, which we said was moderate, is
doubling. The federal deficit monkey, which we said was tamed, is going wild
again.
That's what
folks out there are talking about. That's what's in their face every day on the
nightly news. Heck, the only "good" thing I hear anyone talking about nowadays
is the fact that a barrel of oil costs "only" $125, which, I need not remind
you, is double what it was last year.
Paulson: So that's what you want to tell the
American people? That "this is a disaster and it's getting worse"?
Greenspan: No, but how can we address the dangers
we face if our primary agenda is to disguise the true gravity of those
dangers? First, we risk losing all credibility — looking like horse's asses.
Second, we risk a situation in which we ourselves start believing our own B.S.
But most fundamentally, we risk losing the opportunity to cure the cancer before
it spreads to critical organs of our economic body.
Fannie Mae CEO: I can no longer dispute the
comment that we're insolvent.
Paulson: Please give us a heads up on
that.
Fannie Mae: This week, we are going to announce
still another round of downgrades in our forecasts for credit
losses.
We've already warned
investors that credit-related losses, such as payouts on loans we guarantee,
were going to rise for the rest of the year. But this market is crumbling far
faster than anyone dreamed possible. Even the Jeremiahs and Cassandras at Fannie
Mae — and believe me, there are more of them coming out of the closet every day
— even they underestimated how fast the home market could come unglued.
Even they underestimated the degree to which that pattern would persist through
the present and into the future.
Look at the numbers that
just came out. You've got home prices falling far faster than expected. You've
got more people defaulting on their mortgages at a faster pace than expected.
And you've got foreclosures spreading faster than anything we've ever seen in
the history of this country. It's a revolution. It's sweeping the country like
wildfire. And it's being led by people willing to abandon their homes without
the least remorse.
Paulson: Bottom line?
Fannie Mae: Bottom line, the forecast we made back
in May — and Freddie Mac's forecasts as well — are way off target.
Paulson: Is that why Standard & Poor's just
raised its loss estimates on your risky loans? Is that why Wall Street is saying
you may not have enough capital to offset those losses?
Fannie Mae: Yes. We did ratchet up our expectation
for 2008 credit loss ratio to at least double our historical range. But
now we know it's going to be a lot worse.
Paulson: OK. I understand. But whatever you do,
don't admit to the idea that you're insolvent. Stick to our story! Your primary
regulator, OFHEO, says you have adequate capital. I've testified before Congress
that you have adequate capital. You've said you have adequate capital. We can't
let the market bust our bubble.
Fannie Mae: Bust our bubble? The bubble has
already burst, and look who's getting stuck with most of the foreclosed
properties: Fannie Mae.
Let me give you a concrete
example: We have 5,000 real estate brokers all over the country handling our
foreclosure sales. And in Flint, Michigan, we have one broker trying to sell one
particular home for a price that will shock you.
Paulson: About thirty or forty thousand
dollars?
Fannie Mae: No. He first tried to sell it for
$6,900. But he had no takers. So then he cut the price to $5,000. Still no
buyers! And this is a three-bedroom home in a residential neighborhood we're
talking about. Not a two-door Chevy on a used car lot!
Bernanke: How widespread is this?
Fannie Mae: Just in the first quarter, we got
saddled with twice the number of homes through foreclosure than we could sell.
We're trying to get rid of them quickly. But we keep falling further and further
behind.
Bernanke: How much do you and Freddie Mac have in
foreclosed homes on your books?
Fannie Mae: As of March 31, $6.9 billion worth.
Right now, much more.
Bernanke: That's a lot, but in proportion to the
$5 trillion-plus in mortgages that you and Freddie own or guarantee, it doesn't
sound like that much to me.
Fannie Mae: Maybe not. But try this arithmetic
exercise: Throw together all the foreclosed homes owned by every single one of
the nation's 8,500 commercial banks and thrifts. How much do you think that adds
up to? I'll tell you. It adds up to a figure of $8.56 billion.
See that? 8,500 banks and
thrifts have $8.56 billion in foreclosed homes. But between Fannie and Freddie —
just two companies — we're stuck with almost as much — $6.9 billion. In
fact, if you look at all the money tied up in foreclosed homes in the U.S.,
about $4 of every $10 is our burden.
Bernanke: What are you doing about it?
Fannie Mae: Until now, our stated goal has been to
always try to get the highest possible price, even if that meant hanging on to
the properties longer. But that's about to change. Now, we're going to have to
start pricing our properties a lot more aggressively. And consider this: Once we
send the directive to our 5,000 brokers across the country — to start dumping —
there's no way we can keep that directive under wraps. The Street will know.
Everyone will see what's really going on.
Paulson: Could it be that you are overstating the
price declines and the losses that they could cause? Take that house in
Michigan, for example. It must have been a dump to begin with. Do you know how
much it sold for originally?
Fannie Mae: It's a dump all right. It needs a new
roof. It needs new carpeting. The plumbing has been ripped out. But just three
years ago, in 2005, it was not a dump. Three years ago, it sold for
$110,000. So even assuming we can find a buyer for the $5,000, its price has
fallen by over 95%.
Naturally, most of our
foreclosed homes for sale haven't fallen that far, that fast. But this gives you
an anecdotal illustration of what we're up against. And it gives you a sneak
preview of the much deeper home price declines that are possible in the
future.
Paulson: But how widespread is this,
really?
Fannie Mae: What definition are we using for
"widespread"? If I told you that among the supposedly "AAA" rated subprime
mortgage securities issued in 2006, the default rate is now about 85%, would
that qualify as "widespread"?
Paulson: Eighty-five percent?
Fannie Mae: Yes, 85%! And I'm not referring to a
small, little subset of our portfolio. We've got about $70 billion in subprime
and Alt-A securities in our portfolio. Freddie Mac is even more at risk, with
nearly $150 billion. And that's not even our primary concern. Our primary
concern is the surging foreclosure rate in "prime,"supposedly "high-quality,"
"safe" mortgages, which represent the bulk of the paper we hold or
guarantee.
Paulson: What is your official posture on that
aspect?
Fannie Mae: We used to say all this was
"contained." Now we're trying to put out the message that it's "temporary." But
we can't keep up that fiction much longer.
Paulson: Why not?
Fannie Mae: One reason is that, until recently, at
least the rating agencies were playing along with us on this, postponing
downgrades, keeping the fantasy alive. But now they're downgrading this paper
step by step. They're forcing Fannie Mae — and all of us here around this table
— to face reality. They're telling us that, until we face reality, this is going
to be an endless soap opera.
Paulson: I know all about that. But what makes you
say you're insolvent?
Fannie Mae: I was afraid you'd come back to that.
Because, I must say, that's the big, immediate downside of facing reality. When
we face reality, we're going to have to increase our reserves by such a huge
amount, it will finally be abundantly obvious, even to our dearest friends at
OFHEO, that we are not adequately capitalized after all — that we are, indeed,
insolvent, bankrupt.
Now I ask you: How much
longer can we hide this from the public? From ourselves? A few weeks?
Days?
Paulson: I don't get it. I just don't get it. I'm
not talking just about Fannie Mae. I mean the entire economy. The Fed cut
interest rates all the way down to 2%. But that didn't do the trick. We rushed
through the stimulus package, and that helped a bit, but barely enough to keep
things going for another quarter. Now what do we do? Now what do we say to the
American people?
General Motors CEO: I'll tell you what you do. You
do whatever it takes to keep Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac capitalized, even if
that means making them wards of the United States government. You do whatever it
takes to keep banks like Washington Mutual, Wachovia — and certainly mega-giants
like Citigroup and HSBC — capitalized.
And while
you're before Congress, or the president, or the McCain or Obama people — and
while you're making the case that the GSEs and the big banks are vital to
America's financial security — you must also make the case that our nation's
great auto manufacturers are equally vital to America's security.
You talk about
home prices plunging. But have you seen the collapse in used SUV prices? At the
end of a two-year lease, one of our most popular SUVs was supposed to be worth
$22,000. But as it turns out, the best price we can get for it in the used car
market is less than $11,000.
You talk of a
housing collapse. But please don't ignore the auto industry collapse. You talk
about a mortgage collapse. But God help us all if you ignore the collapse in
auto credit! And don't forget the collapse in auto leasing that's coming with
the collapse in used car prices.
Most people are
clueless about what's really going on, even analysts on Wall Street. For
example, we've just reported a $15.5 billion loss for the second quarter ... and
that doesn't even begin to reflect the big write-offs from the auto
leasing debacle.
The $15.5 billion loss
equates to a loss of $27.33 per share. But you want to know the loss most people
on Wall Street were expecting? Less than $3 per share!
So, yeah, sure, we did a
good job of "putting out a positive message." And, yeah, we fooled them all
right. But what good did it do us? All it did was give us an excuse to delay
much-needed action.
Paulson: What kind of additional action were you
contemplating?
General Motors: For starters, telling it like it
is — telling you, telling Congress and telling the American people that unless
you give us the same access to capital and funding as you're giving Fannie Mae
and Freddie Mac ...
Paulson: ... But the reports I saw last month said
you had plenty of cash — enough to last at least a year, maybe two.
General Motors: That was our messaging, yes. And
we tried to convince folks that "we knew what was coming in the latest
horrendous sales results," that "we knew what we needed to do to respond and
react." But now it looks like we really did not know. Now it looks like
we'll run out of cash a lot sooner. So like I was starting to say, unless we get
federal help, General Motors is history. Ford is history. Chrysler is
history.
Paulson: And you still believe that where GM goes,
so goes the United States?
General Motors: Yes, I do.
Former Fed Chairman Paul Volcker: I've been listening to all this
with increasing unease. Gentlemen, do you not see where this discussion is
headed? It's headed toward nationalization of the GSEs, nationalization of
Detroit's Big Three, nationalization of major banks.
Earlier, it was said that
this thing is spreading like a cancer. What was really meant by that phrase?
Well, I can't answer for the person who first spoke it, but I can give
you my own interpretation of its meaning:
The truly dangerous
cancer that's spreading is the cancer of mistrust. First, mistrust in
subprime mortgages. Then, mistrust in higher quality mortgages. Now, mistrust in
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
If it were mistrust based
on unfounded rumor, we could ignore it. But if it's mistrust based on hard data
that's been distorted, quarantined or simply lied about ... then that's another
matter entirely.
Let me fast-forward to the
final, fatal stage of this cancer, the stage we must avoid at all costs. Let me
take you to the day, however unlikely that day is, when it could spread to the
U.S. government itself, when investors all over the world can no longer trust
the debt of the United States Treasury Department.
Gentlemen, I know what I'm
talking about. I looked the precursor of that mistrust in the eyes nearly three
decades ago, in my first year as Fed chairman. And in those days, we did
not have collapsing mortgage markets or collapsing auto markets or
insolvent GSEs. All we had was plain-vanilla, double-digit inflation,
without all these extra alarm bells and whistles. In that sense, the
mistrust back then was less complex — and more manageable — than it is
today.
But it was powerful
nonetheless — so powerful, in fact, that it nearly shut down the entire market
for U.S. government bonds.
Greenspan: I meet a lot of people who don't
remember that time, or don't quite grasp its significance. Please help make sure
everyone in this meeting does.
Volcker: It was 1980. We were meeting at Camp
David. Present were President Carter, myself, the Treasury Secretary, plus CEOs
from Merrill Lynch, Salomon Brothers and other primary government security
dealers.
In some ways, this meeting
today reminds me of that meeting then — the same sense of siege, the same
philosophical disagreements. But there was one aspect we all agreed upon: The
spreading investor mistrust in U.S. government bonds.
That mistrust was so
intense and so widespread, we could not sell U.S. government bonds. Treasury
bills were still fine. But not bonds. No one wanted long-term bonds and the
entire market for them was as close to a total shutdown as it's ever been in the
history of our country.
Greenspan: Go into the crux of the
crisis.
Volcker: The crux of the crisis was that the fear
of inflation was so intense, and government bond prices were going down so
swiftly, there were virtually no more buyers of government bonds. Worse, primary
government security dealers had lost so much money from falling bond prices that
they were afraid to buy them at auction, hold them in inventory and resell
them.
Yet that's precisely what
we needed from them. It's through those dealers that the U.S. government sells
nearly all of its bonds. It's through them that we raise nearly all of the money
we need to refund maturing bonds and fund the government's day-to-day
operations.
Our network of government
security dealers is much like GM's network of auto dealers. The dealers buy the
merchandise at auction, mark it up, put it on their lots and then hope to resell
it.
Now, imagine what would
happen if GM's dealer network were to shut down! How would GM be able to sell
its cars? That's the same kind of situation the U.S. government was facing for
its bonds in those dark days of early 1980. Except for a couple of the biggest
dealers, like Salomon Brothers and Merrill Lynch, nearly all the government
security dealers were shutting down their government bond operations.
Salomon would call Merrill
to sell what's considered a small lot of, say, $100 million in 20-year Treasury
bonds. At the same time, someone else at Merrill would call Salomon to place a
similar trade. It was like two kids trying to trade the same marbles. There were
no buyers. Virtually all the other dealers had packed up and gone
home.
The point is, in that
environment, we could not sell U.S. bonds.
Three-month Treasury
bills? No problem. People trusted us for three months. But 20- or 30-year
Treasury bonds? No! The market for Treasury bonds had dried up. And without it,
the U.S. government simply could not continue to fund its own operations,
couldn't meet payroll. Hard to believe, but true: We faced a shutdown of the
U.S. government.
Our only answer was to
kill the monster that had fomented all the mistrust — inflation. But to do that,
we had to jack up interest rates. We had to cut off credit to millions of
Americans. And in the process, we knew we were going to squash the
economy.
Carter was up for
re-election. So you can imagine his initial resistance to the Draconian steps we
were proposing. But he had no choice. To bring the point home, he was asked:
"Which do you prefer: The chance of losing the election in November? Or the
certainty of the presidential paycheck bouncing right now in
February?"
Paulson: Can we bring this back to the
present?
Volcker: Absolutely. Let's bring this back to the
present by asking this question: Is this the direction you want to take the
country? If anyone in this room is willing to take that risk, say so
now or forever hold your peace.
Because that's the
inevitable fork in the road ahead — the end of the fast lane you're now on. I'm
referring to the fast lane of open-ended government bailouts. The fast lane of
"consistent messaging" to cover up the true cause — and the true consequences —
of these bailouts.
Henry, never forget:
Millions of investors, mostly overseas, have put their faith in U.S. government
securities. They've loaned you their money because they trusted you,
the U.S. Treasury Department. If you turn around now and pour their money down
the bottomless pits we talked about today — Fannie and Freddie, GM and Ford,
major banks — what do you think their reaction will be?
What makes you believe
that they'll respond any differently than they did in 1980, when they
disappeared from the U.S. government security market or, worse, dumped their
bonds in fear?
What makes you believe you
can stop the cancer of mistrust from spreading to 1500 Pennsylvania Avenue — to
the U.S. Treasury Department itself?
When and if that day
arrives, I know we will make the right choices. I am absolutely sure we will
never let U.S. Treasury bonds become the next victims of the subprime
crisis.
But if we know this now —
if we CAN look ahead now and see that's the ultimate choice we will confront
someday ... why not make the right choice now, while our economy is still
standing, while our country still has the resources to make the needed
sacrifices?
Face it, gentlemen: The
last government rescue must not be to save the government itself. It
must be one of the first government rescues. We must first
save ourselves.
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