Brand new mine locations, especially the larger ones, can take 8-12 years for production to commence. Smaller mines can begin more quickly but if in the newly discovered category, they require eight years as a probable minimum. Open pit operation start-ups are faster, but not that much faster, and re-opening former operating mines requires the permitting process to start all over again, adding several new layers of paperwork not formerly encountered.
Chart courtesy of GFMS, Ltd.
Also, to some extent, the same problems as the oil industry arise with the gold industry. Gold mines are located in many regions where the political climate (see chart below) makes it difficult for private sector investment, particularly foreign investment, as the risks of nationalization are high. On the other hand, government owned companies often lack the skills and incentives to invest in exploration and adding capacity.
Central banks: from net sellers to net buyers.
We are presently witnessing a change of financial paradigm with the diminution of the dollar’s role as the single dominant global transaction and reserve currency, and the emergence of a multi-currency system, where gold as a percent of global reserves will increase.
Gold as a percent of monetary mass may also increase, but this does not necessarily mean a return to the gold standard. However, it may be the natural reaction to the excesses that are currently being committed by monetary authorities in the United States.
Central banks held relatively little foreign exchange (FX) reserves sixty years ago - the bulk of their reserves were in gold. FX reserves totaled $10.96 billion in 1949, gold reserves were just shy of 28,879 tons, and the gold reserve ratio was over 70%. Today it has declined to under 10%. This is decline is likely to reverse as emerging market economies diversify their reserves and increase their gold holdings. The IMF is a big seller as it uses up its reserves to make up for its operational deficit, reflecting the reduced need for its lending.
Below is a raking of central bank gold reserves:
Emerging markets have remarkably low ratios of gold reserves, particularly China. China’s foreign exchange reserves, the world’s largest, hit 1.53 trillion dollars at the end of 2007, around 70 percent of which is believed to be in U.S. currency-denominated assets, particularly U.S. Treasuries. Thirty years ago China held 95% of its foreign reserves in gold.
For example, the Qatar Central Bank quadrupled its gold holdings in the first quarter of 2007. It didn’t have much to begin with but now it has more - but not nearly as much as it had back in the 1980s according to World Gold Council statistics.
Russia announced a couple of years ago a long term goal of increasing its gold holdings to 10% of total reserves. India, Turkey and the Middle-East have also been important buyers.
Investors choosing to ignore these trends do so at grave peril to their wealth. As Churchill once said: “The time for procrastination and delays and excuses is over, we are into a period of consequences”.
