Nov. 1--Early returns indicate the recession is causing more people to take withdrawals from their retirement plans for reasons other than rolling them over to other plans or because they've retired.

Investment manager Vanguard reports the number of workers who borrowed money from their 401(k) plans in the first half increased 6 percent. Nonhardship withdrawals, made by workers 591/2 and older while they are still on the job, rose 14 percent during the same period.

"We speculate that the increase in loans and nonhardship withdrawals is related to the general economic conditions," Vanguard said in a report issued in July.

Hewitt Associates reports loan activity is up 10 percent and hardship withdrawals are up 20 percent this year.

Sandra Pappa of Buck Consultants, Downtown, said she'd heard the same thing from someone who keeps track of a 401(k) plan for the company sponsoring it. The recordkeeper gave her anecdotal evidence of increasing requests for hardship withdrawals and loans.

"When the chips are down and you don't have the income, you have no place else to go," Ms. Pappa said. "If this was a pension plan, participants would not be able to access this money."

It's not surprising that retirement piggy banks are being tapped by more pre-retirement Americans. The unemployment rate is approaching 10 percent, and the recession has added 7.6 million to the ranks of the unemployed. Workers laid off last year, even if they received severance money, may be running out of other ways to make ends meet, Ms. Pappa said.

While it will take time to collect and analyze 2009 data, reports based on 2008 data indicate the recession hadn't caused participants to change their behavior dramatically.

A new Hewitt study revealed that 46 percent of Americans who left their jobs last year cashed out their 401(k) balances instead of rolling them over to IRAs or their new employers' retirement plans. The Lincolnshire, Ill., human resources consultant said that compares with a cash-out rate of 45 percent in a similar 2005 study.

Given the economic distress and job insecurity of many Americans, "It feels like it could have been a lot worse," said Pamela Hess, Hewitt's director of retirement research.

Younger workers and those with smaller balances in their retirement accounts were more likely to pocket their retirement savings despite the tax consequences.

Hewitt's research showed 60 percent of workers between 20 and 29 cashed out their 401(k)s when they left their jobs vs. 43 percent of those ages 40 to 49 and 34 percent of those 50 to 59.